Impact of Hrd Mechanism on Emotional Intelligence

Initially, we can't communicate adequate thankfulness to our guide Mrs. Koran Taker. We are blessed to have such an energetic and model guide. Her understanding and backing empowered us to defeat the difficulties experienced by us during our whole excursion as a MBA understudy. She has perused our paper actually word by word and gave smart and important input that we would not have had the option to get from any other individual. We have really gained from her how to live as a researcher, an educator, and a Mentor. We likewise thank our H. O. D. Ms.Supreme Sinai, for building our immersion as a specialist and showing us how to compose a thesis. We owe an obligation of appreciation to the entirety of the Lovely Professional University associates in the program. We likewise need to thank individuals from LEAP for their supplications and backing. They rewarded us like their own family. Our affection and gratefulness go to our family for their interminable help. Unique gratitude to our p arent's, who have given the entirety of the superb open doors throughout our life. Official Summary Emotional knowledge is picking up predominance in all the strolls of individual and expert existences of individual just as the organizations.With the expanding individual adjust better and deal with an important work existence with upgraded esteems and moral gauges. It is burning with respect to the associations to tap this potential and lead the organization towards a moral workplace prompting powerful exhibition and increased fulfillment. In view of this thinking ahead, the current paper decides to inspect the connection between the elements of passionate insight and HARD atmosphere at working environment in Indian Banking sectors.The results recommend that enthusiastic knowledge and its measurements are altogether identified with HARD atmosphere at work environment and factors of passionate insight to be specific, mythical person mindfulness, relational availability and enthusiast ic guideline have a prescient relationship with HARD Climate at working environment. In this examination, it was researched whether there is any effect of HARD Climate on passionate knowledge (II). An overview survey was directed to 1 50 representatives from various Banks in Calendar.In this unique situation, HARD is assuming a significant job in the associations. HER meaner representatives in association, who work to expand the benefit for association. Improvement, it is obtaining of abilities that are expected to do the current Job, or the future anticipated Job. HARD is the way toward helping individuals to gain skills. Atmosphere, this is a general inclination that is passed on by the physical design, the manner in which workers interface and the path individuals from the association maintain outsiders.Organizational atmosphere is a lot of attributes of an association. To endure it is exceptionally basic for an association to adjust to the adjustments in nature and furthermore p ersistently set up their workers to address the difficulties; this will positively affect the association. The HARD atmosphere is changing because of certain variables which are impacting change in the business situation which are globalization, merger and acquisitions, innovation, re-appropriating. The HARD atmosphere assumes a critical job in deciding hierarchical performance.The target of joining HARD component is to build up the person as an individual to consistently perceive, create and utilize their latent capacity. This will build up the person according to their Job and their future anticipated job. The general effect would be the improvement of the association all in all to advance capacities of the workers. This would make an atmosphere helpful for achieve authoritative viability. The accomplishment of an association to a great extent relies upon the good HARD climate.Existence of an ideal HARD atmosphere will offer space to a strong air which permits the workers to impro ve their aptitudes. An appropriate working HARD atmosphere resembles a speculation on representatives which will prompt better yields as far as expanded execution. The worker giving better exhibitions will be content with his Job and self-improvement and will step to the next degree of sincerely steady. HARD systems are required for the development of an organization and the thought is that the whole procedure ought to be straightforward and known to all the employees.The genuine concern is to discover the zone which needs which needs improvement. There are numerous HARD systems accessible to build up the abilities and aptitudes of representatives and improve the general authoritative atmosphere. The HARD components resemble execution examination, expected evaluation, input [5] asset arranging, enlistment, choice and situation. Other than this, pattern in the associations is changing nowadays. To accomplish individual and authoritative achievement the components required go past the keenness, for example, development, compassion, correspondence, stability.To comprehend and oversee feelings is a lot of significant when working in an association. We are on the whole mindful of IQ or IQ. However, we are very little acquainted with enthusiastic insight. Enthusiastic knowledge was promoted by Daniel Coleman in his book, Emotional Intelligence. The idea of enthusiastic insight is an expansive term that incorporates a wide scope of individual inalienable abilities and capacities, as a rule called delicate aptitudes or entomb and intra-individual aptitudes, which fall outside the classification of that are outside the ordinary abilities and knowledge.Emotional insight is progressively similar to being completely familiarize of our own feelings and personal conduct standard and their dynamic relationship with customary insight. The genuinely clever individual will have the option to deal with weights and adjust to the persistent business related changes. Both enthusias tic knowledge and subjective insight resemble different sides of the coin which are extremely basic for the human brain. It is said that on the off chance that one is deficient with regards to the next part must be remunerated to familiarize and endurance. Since 1990, Peter Salvoes and John D.Mayer have been the main analysts on enthusiastic knowledge. In their compelling article â€Å"Emotional Intelligence,† they characterized enthusiastic knowledge as, â€Å"the subset of social insight that includes the capacity to screen one's own and others' sentiments and feelings, to criminate among them and to utilize this data to control one's reasoning and actions† (1990). As they characterized enthusiastic knowledge, they additionally proposed four parts of passionate insight which are seeing feelings, prevailing upon feelings, getting feelings and overseeing emotions.The thought is to see that if great HARD atmosphere helps in holding the representatives and increment thei r degree of inspiration to perform better and remain in the association. The reason for the examination is to learn about what are the ramifications of HARD system in creating enthusiastic knowledge among the representatives. Hugeness of the Study This investigation is one of the main realized endeavors to reveal the connections among El and HARD atmosphere in experimental examination. Since it is right now hard to locate an exact examination that incorporates these ideas, this investigation can give fundamental information to additionally explore on the topic.The consequences of this investigation will likewise have suggestions for experts in the field of human asset improvement. In spite of the fact that uses of El are as of now effectively utilized in preparing and improvement programs after the idea was advocated by Coleman (1995), the issue is that there isn't productive logical proof for the impact of El in the work environment (Matthews et al. , 2002). Despite the fact that t here are a couple of studies that have discovered huge connections considered neither the logical variables of the work settings nor the impact of passionate knowledge experienced by workers.Thus, it is as yet not sure in which conditions El and HARD atmosphere affect work results. This examination will recognize the logical components that collaborate with the worker's El to achieve outcomes in the working environment. In this manner, human asset advancement limitations might have the option to apply the discoveries of this examination in investigating the potential outcomes of structuring and actualizing El improvement programs. There is as yet an absence of examination on the build in the field of human asset improvement . F noteworthy connections among workers' El are found in this investigation, professionals may apply this finding to investigate the chance of diminishing representatives El . Impediments of the Study 0 Because this examination will be directed in explicit work settings, the discoveries may not be pertinent to a Job situation with various qualities. 0 Also, the consequences of his investigation may not be summed up to workers in associations that have an alternate culture since feeling show rules are an element of cultural standards, word related standards, and hierarchical standards. Moreover, alert is required when deciphering the aftereffects of this investigation. Regardless of whether a person's El is found to have constructive outcomes, this doesn't really suggest that individuals with high El ought to be chosen when associations recruit representatives. Nor will this [7] research give any proof about whether El improvement programs are conceivable or compelling. 0 Finally, there is a lot of discussion about whether feelings can be guaranteed observationally. Therefore, the impediments of the instruments utilized in this examination may affect the value of the outcomes in a work environment setting.Objectives:o To consider the ramifi cations of HARD system on enthusiastic insight. Hypothesis:Ho - There is no critical connection between HARD system and enthusiastic insight. Hal-There is a huge connection between HARD instrument and enthusiastic insight. Meanings of Key Terms Key terms in this investigation are characterized as follows. Passionate knowledge (E') :- is the capacity to distinguish, survey, and control the feelings of oneself, of others, and

Drugs in Sport Essays

Medications in Sport Essays Medications in Sport Essay Medications in Sport Essay Paper Topic: eighth Grade Game is so much a piece of every day life for such huge numbers of Australians. An Australian youngster is raised to adore their brandishing saints and to seek after the game itself. It is crushing to imagine that possibly our donning saints are swindles. Today understudies are being compelled to perform at more elevated levels to make the main group, agent side or a brandishing grant at a Greater Public Schools (GPS) which at that point could prompt the chance to make a break into the expert wearing teams.With the expansion of medication utilize youthful players begin believing that taking execution upgrading drugs is important to ‘make it’. The opposition in sports is so furious it adds up to an enormous develop on players and groups to perform, including the weight from huge business requesting ‘more’ in light of the fact that the more the players can give and engage swarms implies that interest for the game will rise which thus implies more cash at the e ntryways. The force and impact of Australian game can be found in its total assets â€Å"Sport in Australia produced an overall gain of $8. billion of every 2004/2005†. The associations that are running ‘Game Day’ have just a single goal and that is to keep the supporter and punters glad and paying cash, if this happens the organizations are upbeat. This is an endless loop for organizations who are attempting to stop medicate doping in sport, since organizations are so cash hungry they want to put resources into the competitors government assistance. Additional testing should be executed for GPS competitors and they should be taught that you can even now be the best without cheating.Currently no Anti-doping approach exists in Toowoomba Grammar or the GPS schools, the reason for this record is to diagram the requirement for an Anti-doping strategy and make some handy proposals. Inside the most recent year the Australian Crime Commission has had some significant di scoveries including the utilization of precluded substances such a peptides, development hormones, and illegal medications, they currently realize that these medications are wide spread all through Australian game, Ex-ASADA director Richard Ings says â€Å"its the blackest day in Australian sport†. Sports are continually changing a direct result of the improved capacity, execution and innovation that have been developed.Take Rugby Union for instance, rules are continually altered every year and the utilization of innovation in preparing and hardware has progressed drastically to improve players execution on and off the field. Doping in sport is additionally continually changing inside the games to turn out to be increasingly best in class and simpler to expend however harder to follow. It is a persistent race against the offices who are attempting to stop tranquilize use and the venders. Where do we adhere to a meaningful boundary for execution upgrading ? There are likenesse s between the new innovations and preparing techniques, and what medications can achieve.Such as preparing at height or taking erythropoietin. A portion of these distinctions will likewise stay questionable, however with improved innovation research centers are finding the dopers to discover the ‘cheats’. There are a wide range of strategies to identify drugs that have been brought into the body, they can be identified in pee, blood, other body liquids, and in hair. The most normally utilized test is urinalysis. Competitors are requested an example of pee, a manager will watch and gather the example to wipe out the opportunity of an example switch.Chemical tests are then done on the pee test which will at that point decide the nearness of an unlawful medication itself or the concoction created during the breakdown of the medication in the body. With an expansion in the quantity of hey tech research facilities they can test various examples in various manners to pick up the most exact perusing. Likewise more players having the option to be tried will give the most precise outcomes. This has had various positive results, yet it is still accepted this is a poor marker concerning how pervasive doping really is.The acknowledgment of those world class competitors that have tried positive doesn't imply that the ‘war on doping’ is being won since it is difficult to gauge what number of competitors are in reality despite everything ingesting medications however pulling off it. There are a wide range of medication offices attempting to stop the utilization of these unlawful substances, associations, for example, Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) and World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)and Federation Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) have a wide range of hostile to doping approaches to forestall sedate use in tip top sport.As well as the Australian Crime Commission who are out attempting to forestall substances getting into Australiaà ¢â‚¬â„¢s top games, yet none of them focus on the issue of medications inside school sport. The accompanying report will introduce various suggestions about enemy of doping that could be embraced into the GPS donning rivalries which is one of Queensland’s significant school brandishing rivalries. I accept that the disregard towards medicate testing will prompt further medication use later on and the consistent advancement of new medications will aggravate this issue in proficient sport.It is essential to bring the counter doping approach into the GPS framework so our people in the future will be kept from sedate use before they get into world class sport. Strain to perform and succeed is one of the primary driver of utilizing prohibited substances, weight, for example, making the main group or for the group to be progressively serious inside the GPS rivalry. This is paid attention to very all through the 9 schools, likewise the hand out of school grants to exceptional players in their donning field or even social elements like body image.There is average proof that schools are being influenced by drugs, for example, the episode that that happened at the Nudgee College grounds, Nudgee is a piece of the GPS and is one of the state’s tip top brandishing schools. On Tuesday (30th April 2013) â€Å"Two understudies at St Joseph’s Nudgee College, matured 16 and 17, were captured on Tuesday on charges of ownership and gracefully of steroids. Both were removed. †College Principal Daryl Hanly said the captures were not connected to the school’s profoundly touted athletic program. This case of the nearness of medications inside such an eminent school gives us how the schools really manage drugs, despite the fact that the Principal says that the medications are not connected to the school’s athletic program and that the young men devouring the medications were only for self-perception to promote their clothing displaying professio n. Since there has been some utilization of medications inside a school there must be activity by ASADA, featuring the need to bring school sports into their enemy of doping approach and examinations. Right now the main measures set up is that of School Sports Australia saying. School Sport Australia denounces the utilization of any precluded substances and strategies in sport by understudies taking part in its projects as it is in opposition to the morals of game and possibly destructive to the soundness of athletes†. There is nothing towards examining whether the groups are utilizing drugs or not, School Sports Australia are stating no, yet that isn't sufficient a presumption can be produced using the proof given that understudies are out there utilizing illegal medications to improve their presentation and are not being found out.If any Anti-Doping approaches were to be set up in the GPS I accept there are two principle suggestions that I consider basic to an Anti-Doping Po licy. The primary suggestion that ought to be viewed as while bringing an Anti-Doping arrangement into the GPS of Queensland ought to be sedate trying. I trust it ought to track with indistinguishable lines from Australian Sports Commission Anti-Doping Policy. Testing Procedure: Testing should just apply to competitors that have been chosen to contend in a State Representative group for all GPS sports like Rugby, Swimming, and Athletics.Each competitor must finish a clinical affirmation that expresses every endorsed sedate, counter prescriptions, and enhancements assumed control in the course of the most recent week. Authorities need to perceive if any of the substances are on the denied list, and guarantee the competitor holds a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE). This structure is then marked by the competitor, mentor and official and each are given a duplicate of the presentation. The competitors must consent to submit and follow testing by an Anti-Doping Organization, this might be a pee, blood, other body liquids, and hair.Athletes will be tried just once guardians have been told, trying will at that point occur within the sight of the games mentor whenever. Tests gathered will be lab tried under a similar Policy as the Australian Sports Commission. On the off chance that any tests are certain they advise School Sport Australia and they will force their punishments which can be found in there Student Behavior Team Management Procedures. Punishments which may incorporate being restricted from GPS sport, however the school will settle on the choice with regards to whether the understudy will be removed or not.The second proposal that ought to be viewed as while presenting an Anti-Doping arrangement ought to be pointed towards making mindfulness in schools through instruction. All Students from Year 8 to Year 12 must have a class during the brandishing season. Competitors that are chosen into the GPS groups must be reinstructed. Training: All GPS schools must m eet and concede to an Anti-Doping educational program substance and execution time table. The educational plan must incorporate the attention to: * The wellbeing dangers engaged with tranquilize utilize Cheating and by consuming medications you are increasing an

The Well-Readheads Me-Me-Me Memoirs

The Well-Readheads Me-Me-Me Memoirs RJS: Okay, sugar britches, we’re talking about memoirs this week. My relationship status with memoirs is “it’s complicated.” When they are good, they’re very, very good, but when they are bad, they are horrid. And I’ve read some of both. To start with the good: did you read Townie by Andre Dubus III? I feel like “raw” and “candid” are words that get thrown around A LOT when we talk about memoirs, but they’re actually justified in this case. It is face-meltingly good. LH: I love Townie! It was interesting to read about where he grew up, because it’s quite close to where I live. And I thought he wrote about his father with a lot more leniency than he warranted it was very classy on A.D.III’s part. Quid pro quo, Clarice have you read Five-Finger Discount by Helene Stapinski? It’s about how she grew up in a family of swindlers in severely corrupt Jersey City.* It is so utterly delightful! *Stapinski grew up in Jersey City in the early seventies I am not claiming Jersey City is still severely corrupt. I’m sure it’s a lovely place. RJS: No, but it sounds right up my alley, especially after my love affair with The Mark Inside, which is all about the evolution of con artistry. Maybe it’s the ex-psychologist in me, but I have a thing about mental health-related memoirsI can’t resist ‘em. And man, are there some doozies out there. One awesome one, though, is Emma Forrest’s Your Voice in My Head, which is just as much about the impact a good therapist can have on person’s life as it’s about dealing with bipolar disorder. Do you have any memoir subject kryptonites? LH: Not really. I’ll read anything if it looks interesting. I do tend to pick up memoirs by people who create things I love, like musicians and authors. One of the best memoirs I’ve read recently is Rat Girl by Kristin Hersh, a founding member of Throwing Muses. It knocked the socks right off my brain. It’s from her journals when she was a teenager, the year she started the band, was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and found out she was pregnant. She writes beautifully, with a really unique voice. RJS: I sort of go in the opposite directionwhile it can be fun for me to read about writers’ and artists’ lives, I usually gravitate more toward memoirs by people who had pretty normal lives but find a way to pull out the humor or dysfunction or extraordinary moments. Like, there’s nothing really remarkable about dealing with depression, but Emma Forrest tells it remarkably in Your Voice in My Head (yep, two mentions in one installmentthe book is that good); ditto for going to rehab, but Augusten Burroughs’ Dry is fantastic. And Shalom Auslander’s religious upbringing probably wasn’t significantly weirder than many, but he makes it super compelling in Foreskin’s Lament. Tell me you’ve read it! LH: I’ve read it. Okay, I’m lying, but I did read his new novel, Hope: A Tragedy, which is a scream. I have read some memoirs where extraordinary things happen to people the first that comes to mind is The Bear’s Embrace by Patricia Van Tighem. Van Tighem and her husband were attacked by a grizzly bear while hiking in the Canadian Rockies, and suffered severe injuries. I read it at least a decade ago, but I can still remember her describing the sound of the bear’s teeth scraping her skull. DO NOT WANT. I also enjoy reading memoirs about places and things I know nothing about. One of my very favorite memoirs is Don’t Let’s Go to the Dogs Tonight by Alexandra Fuller, about how she grew up in South Africa during the Rhodesian Civil War. Three words: Ah. Stound. Ding. RJS: Man, I love that title. I haven’t read the book yet, but every time I hear the title, I think, “Anyone who can come up with a title like that *must*   have written an amazing book.” There’s something really perspective-giving about memoirs for meI love being pulled outside of myself and shown evidence that people go through really incredible and difficult and dangerous things and come out okay. Makes me realize that my stresses, no matter how real, are pretty insignificant. And then, of course, there’s the voyeurism. If I’m honest, that’s what really draws me to memoirsI’m nosy, and I can’t resist a chance to walk around inside someone else’s head, hear their thoughts, see their dysfunctions, and maybe judge them a little. But just a little. Mostly, I’m grateful that people are brave enough to put it all out there. LH: I see a tell-all book in your future. But what would it be called? RJS: Don’t Make a Book Blogger Take Off Her Earringsand Other Tales from the Interweb. Or maybe Damn It Feels Good to Be a Ginger. Actually, the thought of writing a memoir makes me break out in hell-to-the-no hives. I prefer my relationship with tell-alls to be one-sided. They give, I take. What about you? LH: You little life-story leech! Mine would be Adderall That and a Bag of Chips. Or maybe The Hiss in Whisky. Wait, no Epic Nerdpurr: Tales of a Velocireader. But I, too, feel like I’d never write a memoir. Maybe if I do something really exciting one day, like fight martians while riding a giant space battlecat. I have been playing around at writing essays, but lately, I’ve been in a bit of a slump. It feels like everything has already been written about. My friend was trying to talk me down the other night when I was particularly whiny. He says it’s all about how you say it, not what you’re saying. “And not everything has been written about,” he said. “Has everyone sat in a bathtub full of Froot Loops and milk? Has everyone accidentally stuck their butt in Daryl Hall’s face?” “No,” I sniffed. “Probably not accidentally.” Friends are the best. RJS: I *really* want to know the Daryl Hall story, but I know how you like to be mysterious. So let’s end it here and keep folks guessing. Your turn, readers. What do you love about memoirs? What are your favorites? Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles.

Technologys Impact on the Upper Mississippi River Essay

Technologys Impact on the Upper Mississippi River Since the days of Lewis and Clark men have dreamed of harnessing the Father of Waters in the interests of commerce and development. The long struggle which ensued required incredible ingenuity and determination on the part of engineers as well as enormous capital investment. The Mississippi River Commission, established in 1897, was the first federal program designed specifically to meet these requirements, and early systems, instituted by the Army Corps of Engineers, saw much success. Technological advancements in the fields of transportation, flood control, and natural resource management were needed and, eventually, emerged to provide the level of control possible today. This†¦show more content†¦Army Corps of Engineers, 1996]. Faster and more powerful ships, as impressive as they were, solved only half of the problem. Old Man River himself still remained to be dealt with. Mark Twain, one of the rivers most famous folk heroes, described the Mississippi as, the crookedest river in the world, riddled with rocks, stumps, and snags eager to trap an unsuspecting steamboat especially if the water was low [1917]. Twain, as a cub-pilot, understood the rivers dangers as did the United States Congress who commissioned the Army Corps of Engineers to begin river improvements in the 1830s. Removing stumps, snags, and other hazards to navigation was the first action taken by the Corps. The remaining problem, that of the rivers depth, required a much more intricate plan. The plan involved both deepening the rivers channel and regulating its flow rate. As late as 1866, the Mississippi was so shallow in places that a person could wade across it. The Corps of Engineers was assigned to increase the channel depth to a four-foot minimum from Minneapolis to St. Louis. Before they had finished, Congress raised the requirement to four and a half feet. Twice more Congress upped the ante and in 1930, the Rivers and Harbors Act called for the present nine-foot minimum channel depth. Achieving the necessary nine-foot depth required dredging shallow spots and stabilizing the shoreline with rock and concrete to slow theShow MoreRelatedInstructor Manual37126 Words   |  149 Pagesmight give a better idea of the results of buffalo hunting to jump ahead seven years to 1878, when Bill Tilghman, Bat Masterson, and I went buffalo hunting for sport. We traveled due west from Dodge City more than one hundred miles along the Arkansas River, south to the Cimmarron, and east to Crooked Creek again, at the height of the best hunting season over what in 18 71 had been the greatest buffalo ground in the world. Grass was as plentiful and as succulent as ever, but we never saw a buffalo. TheRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesThis page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora AcquisitionsRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesfulfil these roles in the coming years. In part this reflects a more general decline in the academic world as falling relative salaries and status have reduced the intake of talented academic entrepreneurs. But I also think it reflects the cumulative impact of regulatory and careerist pressures in the academic world itself. With government agencies pressing for ever more standardized and conventional research and with increasingly instrumental careerist vi FOREWORD behaviour by academics, there

Carriage of Goods by Sea - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2806 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Part A: Butcher Ltd KRY Ltd The contract of affreightment is evidenced by the bill of lading where, as here, the goods to be carried only form part of the total cargo. The liability of the carrier under the bill of lading is now subject to a combination of the rules introduced by the Maritime Law Committee of the International Law Association held in the Hague in 1921 as revised by the Brussels Protocol of 1968, known collectively as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Hague/Visby Rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. It is agreed here that the bill of lading is subject to English law which passed legislation (the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971) to implement these rules. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Carriage of Goods by Sea" essay for you Create order It is also necessary to have regard to the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 which governs all contracts of carriage entered into after 16 September 1992. The object of the Hague/Visby Rules is to establish the minimum obligations of the carrier and to define the maximum immunities to which he is entitled and the extent to which he is able to limit his liability. Article III, rule 2 provides: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods deliveredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . So far as the cobras in Container A are concerned, these are expressly excluded by Art.1(c): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  includes goods, wares, merchandise, and articles of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage is stated as being carried on deck and is so carriedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In any event, Art.IV, rule 2 provides the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ca talogue of exceptionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which are available to the carrier under the Rules. These include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Neither the carrier or the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting from a) Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  While there is little difficulty in interpreting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“faults in navigationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , the concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“management of the shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is more problematic. The uncertainty arises because of the distinction between the duty to take care of the ship and a duty toward the safety of the cargo which in reality can frequently overlap. The applicable test was propounded by Greer LJ[1]: If the cause of the damage is solely, or even primarily, a neglect to take reasonable care of the cargo, the ship is liable, but if the cause of the damage is a neglect to take reasonable care of the ship, or some part of it, as distinct from the cargo, the ship is relieved from liability; for if the negligence is not negligence towards the ship, but only negligent failure to use the apparatus of the ship for the protection of the cargo, the ship is not so relieved.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Thus, in Gosse Millerd, a cargo of tinplate was damaged by a failure to secure tarpaulins. The House of Lords held that since the purpose of the tarpaulins was to protect the cargo, the conduct in question related to a failure to protect the cargo rather than the management of the ship. In the case of container A, the failure was due to the failure of the crew to secure one of the side doors of the ship. This might be said to relate to a failure to protect the ship. Conversely, contained C was undamaged so it might be argued that the default was specific to the cargo in Container A and did not impinge upon the safety of the ship. It might be expected, therefore, that the ship owners will arg ue the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“safety of the shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  exception in addition to the exclusion of animals clause and the general exclusion contained in clause 3 of the bill of lading. So far as Container B is concerned, this appears to fall within the exception to the Rules described above. Two requirements must be satisfied if the carrier is to escape liability: the cargo must actually be stowed on deck and this fact must be apparent to the innocent transferee from a scrutiny of the bill of lading. In Svenska Traktor v Maritime Agencies[2], a consignment of tractors had been shipped under a bill of lading which conferred a liberty upon the carrier to stow the cargo on deck One of the tractors was washed overboard during the voyage. Pilcher J (at p.300) held: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A mere general liberty to carry goods on deck is not, in my view, a statement in the contract of carriage that the goods are in fact being carried on deck.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  As is apparent from Encyclopae dia Britannica v Hong Kong Producer[3], even a liberty to do so unless the shipper lodges an objection will not suffice. Accordingly, the qualification (applicable in the event to Contained B) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if sufficient space is not available below deckà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  will be unlikely to save the ship from an action in this regard by Butcher Ltd since the bill of lading does not make it sufficiently clear that the cargo will be carried on deck. In this instance, it is unlikely that the carrier will be able to rely upon the exception to the Rules discussed above since the loss of Container B from the deck would appear to be reasonably foreseeable and not related to the management of the ship as opposed to care for the safety of the cargo. It is perhaps fortunate for Butcher Ltd that the carrier will incur primary liability in respect of Container B since their policy of insurance with Max Insurance Corporation is likely to be held to be seriously defective in respect of Contain er B. In Rozanes v Bowen[4], it was held: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It has been for centuries in England that the law in connection with insurance of all sorts, marine fire, life, guarantee and every kind of policy, that, as the underwriter knows nothing and the man who comes to him to ask him to insure knows everything, it is the duty of the assuredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to make full disclosure to the underwriters, without being asked, of all the material circumstances.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This principle was applied in Hood v West End Motor Car Packing Co[5] in which a policy of insurance was avoided on the basis that the assured had failed to declare that the cargo may be carried on deck thus increasing the risk. The subject of deviation is treated strictly by the Rules. Article IV, rule 4 limits permissible deviation to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“any deviation in attempting to save life or property at sea or any reasonable deviationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . It is said[6] that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the co urts in the United Kingdom have given an extremely restricted interpretation to the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reasonable deviationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with the result that there are few reported cases in which the concept has been successfully invokedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . However, in this instance, the bill of lading contains an express clause allowing deviation in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"special circumstancesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Since clauses of this type are principally inserted for the benefit of the shipowner, they will be interpreted strictly and contra preferentem. In Glynn v Margetson[7], a cargo of oranges was loaded in Malaga for shipment to Liverpool. The bill of lading gave the vessel express permission to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“proceed to and stay at any port or ports in any rotationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Despite the breathtaking breadth of this provision to which the shippers had agreed, it was held not to protect the shipowner when the vessel called at ports not on the geographical route to Liverpool whe n the oranges consequently arrived in a damaged state. In this instance, it may be argued that the inclusion of a reference to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“special circumstancesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  means that this liberty should be construed more strictly and Master Gabettaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s deviation to Valletta does not fall within the definition of such circumstances and the purported protection should be struck down in any event in accordance with the principle propounded in Glynn. Traditionally, such an unjustifiable deviation was regarded as a fundamental breach of the contract of affreightment. Doubt was cast upon this as a result of the decisions in Suisse Atlantique[8] and Photo Production v Securicor[9] but the best guidance is probably to be obtained from the Court of Appeal judgments in The Antares[10] in which Lloyd LJ expressed the view that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the deviation cases should now be assimilated into the ordinary law of contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Wilson[11] opines: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã …“Such an approach would require the courts to take into consideration the entire terms of the contract, including both exceptions and liberty clauses, with a view to discovering whether, on their true construction, the parties intended them to apply to the new situation, I.e. the substituted voyage.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  On such a construction, it appears highly unlikely that the personal imperatives of Master Gabetta would absolve the ship owners from liability in respect of the damage to the watermelons. However, it should be borne in mind that such damage could be argued not to have been caused by the diversion to Valletta but rather by the ensuing delay of some three weeks that was enforced by the port workers strike. Butcher Ltd may be argued to be at the mercy of the strike but the reasons for it will have to be scrutinised. In The New Horizon[12], Lord Denning MR stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I think a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by men done with a view to improving their wages or conditions, or giving vent to a grievance, or making a protest about something or other, or supporting or sympathising with other workmen in such an endeavour. It is distinct from a stoppage which is brought about by an external event such as a bombscare or an apprehension of danger [emphasis supplied].à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  However, unless the strike can be blamed upon such an external factor, it is probable that the shipowner will be protected by the exception supplied by Art.IV, rule 2(j) of the Rules which expressly provides for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strikes or lockouts or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever cause, whether partial or generalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . So far as KRY Ltd is concerned, the bill of lading will act as a document of title to the goods in Container C. This is now expressly provided for by the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 which provides that title to sue is vested in the lawful holder of the bill of lading with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“lawful holder à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  being defined, inter alia, as an indorsee of the bill. The ability of KRY Ltd to sue in tort is subject to the qualification provided in Margarine Union v Cambay Prince[13] in which a cargo of copra was seriously damaged as a result of the negligence of the ship owner. The plaintiff was the holder of a delivery order for part of the cargo issued by the seller under a c.i.f. contract. As the plaintiff did not become owner of the goods until they were ascertained on discharge, it was held that an action in negligence could not lie. This betrays an underlying public policy consideration, namely, the reluctance of the courts to allow recovery for pure economic loss and the undesirability of allowing an indorsee to sue in negligence, unconstrained by the terms of the contract of carriage. This principle, therefore, may well prevent KRY Ltd from pursuing an action in negligence alone and they will therefore be limited by the principles applicable to Container C discussed a bove. Part B: Amount of Cargo At common law the bill of lading in the hands of the shipper is prima facie evidence of the quantity or weight of goods shipped. Accordingly, if the Master is unable to check the quantity, he is at risk of exposing the carriers to liability in the event that the discharged cargo fails to amount to the quantity recorded. The burden upon the carrier is a heavy one since it will then require him to prove that the goods were not in fact shipped. The balance of probabilities test does not apply in this situation and therefore it will not be possible to argue that it is more likely than not (as would appear common sense) that the goods delivered equate to the goods loaded. In Smith v Bedouin Steam Navigation Co[14] 988 bales of jute were delivered under a bill of lading which stated that 1000 bales had been shipped. Lord Shand stated that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The evidence must be sufficient to lead to the inference not merely that the goods may possibly not have been shipped, but that in point of fact they were not shipped.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In Grant v Norway[15], the position was more extreme still: the Master had signed a bill acknowledging that 12 bales of silk had been shipped where in fact none had been taken on board. It was held that the indorsees of the bill were not entitled to recover when it was in fact established that no bales had been shipped. Jervis CJ stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is not contended that the captain had any real authority to sign bills of lading unless the goods had been shipped; nor can we discover any ground on which a party taking a bill of lading by indorsement would be justified in assuming that he had authority to sign such bills, whether the goods were on board or not.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This created an anomaly in that it rendered meaningless the signature of the Master upon a bill of lading where it was subsequently possible to prove that his acknowledgement of quantity had been incorrect. The Hague/Visby Rules (Art.III, rule 4) remove this protection from the Master in this situation by providing that statements as to quantity in a bill of lading are conclusive evidence in favour of a consignee or indorsee who takes the bill in good faith. This is reinforced by s.4 of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 which provides that representations in a bill of lading are conclusive evidence against the carrier in favour of the lawful holder of a bill. However, the Master here has the advantage of being able to contract out of the representation of quantity in the bill. In New Chinese Antimony Co Ltd v Ocean Steamship Co[16], a bill of lading expressly stated that 937 tons of antimony oxide had been shipped. However, the bill contained a standard clause to the effect that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“weight, measurement, contents and value (except for the purpose of estimating freight) [are] unknownà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This was a powerful decision in favour of carriers since the Court of Appeal held that this pre-printed clause even had the effect of displacing the express statement as to quantity and that such a statement in such circumstances was evidence only of the amount which the shipper maintained to be comprised in the cargo. It is recommended therefore that the Master in this situation protect the position of his owners by an indorsement on the bill in such terms as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“shipperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s countà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“said to beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or even a flatly contradictory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“weight and quantity unknown. He should be aware, however, that under the Hague/Visby Rules, (Art.III, rule 2) the shipper is able to demand that the carrier issue a bill of lading showing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity or weight as the case may be, as furnished in writing by the shipperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The carrier is under no obligation to issue a bill acknowledging the quantity of cargo unle ss required to do so by the shipper. Failure to observe this procedure will of course generally operate to the prejudice of the ultimate consignee. However, it also provides valuable protection to a Master in a situation such as this. This Master should therefore exercise care since the basic position under the Rules is the same as that at common law in terms of the prima facie evidentiary value of the bill of lading so far as determining quantity is concerned with the important qualification that the Rules also provide protection in this regard to a third party to whom the bill has been transferred acting in good faith. The very fact of acting in good faith would give rise to an estoppel preventing the carrier denying the quantity of the bill of lading (no consideration is required) and the Master should have regard to this potential consequence in addition to any duty immediately apparent. Bibliography Dockray, M., Cases and Materials on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, (3rd Ed ., 2004) Treitel, G., The Law of Contract, (11th Ed., 2003) Wilson, J., Carriage of Goods by Sea, (5th Ed., 2004) Westlaw International Convention for the Unification of Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading, Brussels, August 25, 1924 (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Hague Rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) Footnotes [1] Gosse Millerd v Canadian Government Merchant Marine, dissenting judgment upheld by the House of Lords at [1929] AC 223 [2] [1953] 2 QB 295 [3] [1969] 2 Lloydà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Rep 536 [4] (1928) 32 LlLR 98 at 102 [5] [1917] 2 KB 38 [6] Wilson, J., Carriage of Goods by Sea, (5th Ed., 2004), p.19 [7] [1893] AC 351 [8] [1967] 1 AC 361 [9] [1980] AC 827 [10] [1987] 1 Lloydà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Rep 424 [11] Op. Cit., p.22 [12] [1975] 2 Lloydà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Rep 314 at p.317 [13] [1969] 1 KB 219 [14] [1896] AC 70 [15] (1851) 10 CB 665 [16] [1917] 2 KB 664

Understanding the Inevitable in The Catcher in the Rye Essay

Understanding the Inevitable in The Catcher in the Rye If something is inevitable, it will occur at some point in time. It is an event that will occur no matter what is done to stop it from happening. In the book The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield tries to stop himself from maturing into an adult. The book details the events that happen to show Holden that he cannot overcome maturity because maturity is inevitable. Holden Caulfield has failed out of three other prep schools before his parents enroll him at Prencey. The first chapter takes place during the last days of Holden’s first term at Prencey. He has failed four of his five classes, and because of this, he has been asked to not return for the next term. The headmaster†¦show more content†¦Holden is excited about the possibility of participating in a sexual encounter with Sunny, the prostitute. I sort of just wanted to get it over with (Salinger 95). Once she arrives he can not bring himself to complete the act. ...but do you mind very much if we dont do it? (Salinger 96). Holdens relationship with his younger sister, Phoebe, provides another example of Holden wanting to mature, but stopping himself before he commits the act. Phoebe, although much younger, chastises Holden for not wanting to mature. You dont like anything thats happening (Salinger 169). The things that Phoebe is talking about are rites of passage for maturity - a sexual experience and graduation from school. Holden is still not convinced that he cannot stay a child forever. Holden shows this in his response to Phoebes chastisement. ...I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff-I mean if theyre running and they dont look where theyre going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them (Salinger 173). The ledge Holden wants the children to stay on is childhood while the pit they will eventually fall into is adulthood. 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Holden Caufield Emphasizes On The Loss Of Innocence In Children. He Fe Essay Example For Students

Holden Caufield Emphasizes On The Loss Of Innocence In Children. He Fe Essay els that once they lose their innocence, they will soon turn into phonies like everyone else. The loss of innocence is very common in the development in human existence. It is caused by many factors. Past a certain age, children are either forced or led unintentionally into a pathway of corruption. A child is also known to lose their innocence by desires, fantasies, and attention. But once they lose their innocence, they tend to desire to go back and pretend to be young again. In the Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden discusses the importance of innocence in childrens lives. He feels that once a child loses his/her innocence, he/she will soon be leaded to a life of corruption. Holden also focuses on all the phonies in the world. He feels that the phonies are the reason why children lose their innocence. He defines phonies as people who are liars, corrupted, and people who experienced everything. However, he doesnt realized that he is a phony himself since he has lost his innocence too. Holden thinks that no one loves him so lying to people is a way of telling people that he doesnt want to be hurt anymore. He is also experiencing the feeling about being all-alone in the corrupted world. He is isolated from everyone thinking that no one is going through what he is going through. He shows how he is lonely by wandering the streets by himself, doesnt want to talk to people, and by wanting to be loved by someone. He tries to escape the realities of life by remembering the past with his brother Allie, sister Phoebe, and older brother D.B. Holden doesnt only discuss the innocence and corruption but the way the world changes. He isnt able to adjust to things that changed but he feels more comfortable in places that never changed at all. For instance, he feels really happy when he sees the Natural Museum of History. Holden gets very mad when he saw the graffiti on the side of his sisters school. He just dont want young children to see what he was seeing. He felt like painting over the writing. Holden has many roles in this book. He is also trying to keep children from making the same mistakes that he made in the past. He really wants to help them but he doesnt realize that he isnt. Children have to learn what they did wrong so that they know not to do it again. John Claud wrote an article called, Just a Routine School Shooting. Thomas Soloman Jr. was an average 15 year-old boy, who faced the same problems as other teenagers. He attended church and didnt care much about the Gothic life. He attended Heritage High School in Conyers, Georgia. No one died but only six students were injured. Thomas had access to a high0caliber weapon but he chose to use a .22 rifle to shoot up the school. On Thursday morning, Thomas, whom most people called T.J., just got over a break-up with his girlfriend, Stacy Singleton. She spotted T.J. entering the school with his fathers .22 rifle. Students that attended the high school thought that the first few shots were firecrackers. He began firing into the schools indoor commons. He wasnt aiming and was holding it down towards the floor. Ryan Rosa, a junior was injured in his leg. The shooting ended quickly. The rifle T.J. used can only hold a dozen rounds without reloading. When he was finished, he was found kneelin g on the floor with a powerful .357 magnum revolver. He put it into his mouth trying to commit suicide. Cecil Brinkley, the assistant principal of the school tried to convince T.J. that everything was going to be okay. Cecil Brinkley took the gun out of his mouth while watching him collapse to the floor. While searching T.J.s room, they found that he had bomb recipes, notes on where to plant explosives at the school, and writings about his despair. Advertisement project EssayCITATIONSIf a body catch a body comin through the rye. (Page 173, 3rd paragraph from the top)The Catcher in the Rye is not only about the loss of innocence but the activity of innocence. Holdens vision of standing in front of the cliff and protecting the playing children from falling symbolizes how much he wants to dedicate his life to keep the children from falling. He is also trying to express that he is one of the children and that he wants someone to catch and protect him from falling off the cliff. Holden has consumed so much corruption but fears that no one is going to keep him from falling. This particular quote defines the title of the book. A catcher in the rye is an occupation that only lives in Holdens mind. Holden has this fantasy about being a catcher in the rye only to protect children and him. Holden also doesnt discuss what type of child would he catch. No matter what they have done or did, he just wants to save all types of children. His whole mission is to save them from falling off the cliff. Not really falling off a c liff but just to save them from the whole world. You know those ducks in the lagoon right near Central Park South? That little lake? By any chance, do you happen to know where they go, the ducks, when it gets all frozen over?(Page 60, 3rd paragraph from the top)This quote defines Holdens difficulty to adjust to the changes around him. He feels comfortable in places where they havent changed. For instance, he visited the Natural Museum of History in New York and he gets very happy that the place hasnt changed since he first went there on a school trip. Holden feels isolated from the world because he feels that no one is going through what he is going through. The Catcher in the Rye doesnt really focus on the loss of innocence but it discusses how an individual feels about the changes in the world. Holden fears that all the changes will expose all adolescent lives to the loss of innocence and corruption. Holden is one unique character. He expresses many feelings towards people. Holdens curiosity towards the ducks in Central Park tell s us that he isnt comfortable in this world and that he has many questions to be answered about life. BibliographyBIBLIOGRAPHY1. Claud, John. Just a Routine School Shooting TIMEMay 31, 1999 pages 34-432. Daley, Suzanne. Runaways of 42nd Street: AIDS Begins its Scourgehttp://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/aids/ May 30, 19983. Magil, Frank N. (Editor). Masterpieces of AmericanNew York, Harper Collins Publishers, Inc. 19934. Salinger, J.D. (Jerome David). Catcher in the RyeMassachusetts, Little Brown and Company 1951

Explore the outsider in Silas Marner Essay Example

Explore the outsider in Silas Marner Essay The novel Silas Marner is a story set in the nineteenth century and for this reason people act differently towards strangers, this is because communities were a lot closer than the average town or city at the present day. These reasons meant that new comers were alienated from the rest of the community. This is obviously pointed out in the first page when in the book it is said, how was a man to be explained unless you at least knew their father and mother. In my essay I will explore how Silas Marner is exposed to a community in which the worst is thought of strangers and how this leads to an unholy figure being created due to superstition. The book opens with Silas being compared to a dead man with comments made about his appearance. For example on page six Silas is described as having large brown protuberant eyes in Silass pale face. Also it is stated on page eight that the women of the town would never marry a dead man come to life and Jem Rodney says, Marners eyes were set like a dead mans. This simply shows that purely from Silas physical appearance he had already been separated from the rest of the community and it didnt help that superstition clung easily round every person or thing that was at all unwanted. The book compares Silas to a spider. We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the outsider in Silas Marner specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the outsider in Silas Marner specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the outsider in Silas Marner specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This increases villagers suspicions, because spiders are creatures feared and not often seen, just like Silas. The book does this by making Silas seem as if he was hiding in Raveol. This is just like a spider hides in a house and this image is created on page fifteen it says set within sight of the widespread hillsides, than this low, wooded region, where he felt hidden from even the heavens by the screening trees. It continues to pursue the relationship between Silas Marner and a spider by saying that Silas would make children take to their legs and run in terror which is traditionally the reaction associated with spiders. However the obvious feature strengthening the bond between Silas and a spider is his weaving because of a spider and the complex web it often weaves. However the weaving meant more than just his career, the loom symbolised Silass life constantly moving but not going anywhere and on a literal level the loom was Silass way of making money. The money itself replaced contact with people however when his money is stolen Silas becomes upset, as if he had lost his friends. However when Eppie arrived she took the moneys place and Silas mistakes her golden curls for his money and consequently comes to love Eppie more than his gold. This symbolism is all based around his loom and ironically the structure of the play is based on a simple woven item. The first threads are woven loosely and as time progresses vital threads are added and the whole piece comes together. Silas was the loose threads, Eppie was the vital threads and the finished product was the reunited village. The village is a very close community, everything is discused in the local pub and everyone is so close due to them all being a purely bred part of the village. On page eight it backs this idea up and says that linen-weavers-emigrants from the town into the country werent born and bred locally. The book shows how close the people are and how they trust each other but not anyone outside of their community. They do this by wrongly accusing Silas of theft, who was outside of their community and then finding the peddler guilty, and although the peddler was actually guilty the author made it so that it was obvious that it had to be the stranger. This is displayed when a man thinks of the obvious option, the peddler. This was displayed in the book when it states a man accustomed to putting two and two together this just shows that these people live in a box, where only strangers do wrong and that they never think outside the box. Its just ironic that the clue to who committed the crime was a tinderbox. On page sixty it shows they took this as a strong lead to who committed the robbery when it is written that the inference generally accepted was, that the tinder-box found in the ditch was somehow connected with the robbery. Silas is helped more by Dolly Winthrop than anyone else. She plays a dominant role in the later stages of the book by acting like a mother to Eppie and a tutor to Silas. On page one hundred and twenty she tutors Silas by teaching him that buying clothes is expensive because they grow so fast, its ill spending the money on them baby-clothes, for the children ull grow like grass she says. However its on the same page that Dolly shows how she will help him when ever possible and to the best standard she can, meaning that she is a friend. She does this by saying Ive got the little petticoats as Aaron wore five years ago. Then she plays a mother role to Eppie and offers Silas reassurance in the upbringing of Eppie, she says youd like to see her taken care of by those who can leave her well off an make a lady of her. The village needed a stranger to show them that there was an imperfect world outside of Ravelo and things like fathers leaving their families is just one example. Silas needed the village of Ravelo to fulfil his life with the things he didnt have such as a community to befriend him.

Marketing Plan Phase II Johnson and Johnson

Marketing Plan Phase II Johnson and Johnson Market identification and a clear understanding of the demographic vagaries of a specific market remains one of the most important aspects of producing products that are tailored to meet the need of a market (Armstrong Kotler, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Marketing Plan Phase II: Johnson and Johnson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The target market for the Johnson and Johnson baby lotion will be based on a differentiated market and thus will target more on babies of five years and below. This is because the products from the company are designed to meet the needs of babies who are between this age bracket both male and female. The company’s organizational buyers consist of wholesalers and retailers in the market. The wholesalers in the country import the finished products from Johnson’s baby in containers. These wholesalers specialize in one product and may even engage in advertisin g the products within the country of their operations. They have large warehouses to store the product before selling it. The wholesalers sell to the retailers in smaller units. Some other retailers also act as wholesalers whereby several wholesalers come up together and purchase the Johnson baby lotion directly from the firm at a lower price and later subdivide the products among themselves. The retailer breaks the Johnson baby lotion into single packets or bottles and sells them either to the small retailers in the market or to the final consumers of the product. The factors influencing organization buying include economic conditions whereby the changes in the inflation rate and interest rates will affect the demand of Johnson products. An increase in the interest rate will lead to a reduction in the quantity demanded while a rise in inflation of importing country will also lead to reduced importation (McCarthy Perreault, 1994). Secondly, changes in politics affect the economy of the country leading to changes in the quantity of the Johnson baby lotion product demanded. Thirdly, changes in the social environment also will affect the demand of the product.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, if the society perceives that lotion is not good with young babies, this will automatically lead to a reduced demand for Johnson baby lotion. Fourth, is competition whereby if Johnson company competitors come up with a new product in the market, this will automatically alter the product’s demand. The factors that influence consumers’ buying behavior include cultural factors such as if use of lotion is perceived negatively in a particular community, then the demand for Johnson baby lotion in that community will be low. Secondly, there are social cultural factors such as family, reference groups, roles and status groups in the society. For example, if adult ladies prefer to use lotion rather than solid body oils, this will lead them to purchase Johnson baby lotion for their babies. Thirdly, demand is affected by personal factors such as age, occupation and lifestyle. For example, if where a person works most of the people prefer to buy Johnson’s baby products, a person may also be influenced to be buying the same products. Like any other organization operating in a perfect market, Johnsons and Johnsons is faced with various factors of competition. The competitors of Johnson and Johnson baby lotion include the companies that produce baby lotions such as Aveeno, the Natural Baby, Fulton Street Market among others. These are big companies that pose a threat in the market. For example, Aveeno and Natural Baby pose a big threat as they also produce the baby lotion herbal products which are currently said to be chemical free. If these factors are not perfectly considered, they may lose their market s hare due to the currently rising demand of herbal products in the world. The strengths for Johnson Johnson baby lotion over their competitors in the market include the strong brand image of Johnson Johnson Company products where they are believed to be of high quality and effective in their use. This makes the company market share to even continue to increase as more people purchase the product. The other strength is continued innovation and thus coming up with new and better baby products in the market such as the Johnson natural lotion, bedtime lotion, after bath lotion, cream among others. These developments will help the company to maintain or increase its market share as the new products are to the current needs of babies.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Marketing Plan Phase II: Johnson and Johnson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides the aforementioned strengths, Johnson Johnson is buoyed by th e fact that it is an international company. It has invested a lot in assets such that a new company that wants to get in must invest heavily on assets in order to compete with Johnson Johnson. Since Johnson Johnson focuses only on one market its competitors are targeting several market segments, this may limit their development of new products in the baby segment that Johnson target. This gives Johnson Johnson a competitive edge over its competitors. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P. (2011). Marketing: An introduction. (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. McCarthy, E., J. Perreault, W., D., (1994). Basic marketing: Selected cases. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Micro Economic Principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Micro Economic Principles - Assignment Example Therefore, according to Adam Smith, absolute cost difference provides the basis for international trade. (In this example labour hour is taken to be the only resource of production.) David Ricardo had later extended the above said idea by pointing out that it is comparative advantage and not absolute advantage that forms the basis of international trade. COUNTRIES CLOTHING (labour hours per unit) FOOD (labour hour per unit) RELATIVE COSTS (C/F) RELATIVE COSTS (F/C) U.S. 8 hours/unit 10 hours/unit 0.8 hours/unit 1.25 hours/unit INDIA 10 hours/unit 15 hours/unit 0.67 hours/unit 1.5 hours/unit Here, it can be seen that India has an inferior productivity compared to U.S. in both the goods. In the absence of trade both the nations will have to produce both the goods in order to meet the local demands. But, in the presence of trade, India should produce only clothing as it has a lower opportunity cost. Again, U.S. should specialize in food because here food has a lower opportunity cost. Op portunity cost is the cost incurred when a choice is made, in terms of the next best available option. In the above stated example, India by producing 1 unit of Clothing is losing out on 0.67 units of food but if India were to produce food, then by producing 1 unit of food, India would have lost out on 1.5 units of clothing. Therefore, a country should specialize in a good that has a lower opportunity cost. Considering 100 hours of labour, the figure below shows the gains from trade: For U.S., For India, Production possibility frontier or the production possibility curve is a curve representing the tradeoff between two commodities given the resources is efficiently utilized. The PPC shows the maximum amount of one commodity that can be obtained given fixed amount of second commodity. Terms of trade is (price of exports)/ (price of imports). It is the quantity imports which can be purchased using a certain fixed amount of exports. Trade line is the line representing the terms of trad e. Gains from trade are the gains that result from specialization and trade arrangements between two countries. In this example, both U.S. and India are gaining from this arrangement. The price of food post trade will be between 1.25-1.50 and the price for clothing will be between 0.67-0.80. This proves that trade will be beneficial for both the countries. (Pugel, n.d.; Krugman, 2007) Answer 2. a) Given, MPC= 10+10Q P= 70 – 5Q The private market equilibrium will have the MPC = P or, 10+ 10Q = 70 -5Q or, 15Q= 60 therefore, Q’ = 4 substituting the value of Q in the demand equation we get, P = 70 – 5*(4) or, P’ = 50. b) Given, MSC= 10 + 12Q P= 70 -5Q The social market equilibrium will have the MSC = P or, 10 + 12Q = 70 – 5Q or, 17Q = 60 therefore Q*= 3.53 (approx) [socially optimum Q] substituting the value of Q in the demand equation we get, P= 70 -5*(3.53) or, P*= 52.35 [socially optimum P] (Varian, 2010) The equilibrium in (a) is not optimal becaus e in case of negative externalities, marginal social cost > marginal private cost. The diagram above shows that for a profit maximizing producer, for a given cost, the profit maximizing output is Q’ which is greater than the socially optimum output Q*. By producing at Q’, the producer is causing an externality worth AB which the producer is not treating as a cost. (Varian, 2010) The equilibrium in (b) is optimal because here the cost of externality is also

Toyota 2010 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Toyota 2010 - Term Paper Example This meant that the driver would not always be able to stop the car when he pulled the brakes consequently causing serious accidents (Jackwin, 2010). The second recall was made on January 21, 2010. Numerous crashes were reported which could not be explained by the floor mat incursion. Research indicated problems with the mechanical sticking of the accelerator pedal which Toyota labels sticking accelerator pedal. After a series of research findings Toyota recalled approximately 5.2 million vehicles with regards to the floor mat problem and an additional 2.3 million with regards to the accelerator problem (Stewart, 2010). These decisions were a result of numerous investigations carried out by Toyota along with the U.S. NHTSA and Japanese transport ministry. After numerous complaints being filed, US safety regulators carried out an investigation into Corolla steering complaints on Feb 17, 2010. The biggest challenge facing the investigators was to differentiate between accidents caused by mechanical or technical faults in the vehicles and those that were merely a result of driver error. Both the Wall Street Journal and USA Today suggested that even when the dealers and automakers realized the cause was driver error it was not always possible for them to say it explicitly, so as to avoid appearing insensitive to their customers (United States, 2010). Investigations were also carried out by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). The MLIT investigated on the sudden acceleration complaints and released its findings in February 2010. Revealing that out of the 134 cases logged by the ministry between 2007 and 2009, Toyota accounted for 38 cases. However it also stated that since Toyota’s market share was huge approximately 28% the rate found was not unusual. When confronted with the issue the president and CEO of Toyota Akio Toyoda issued a statement

What is Segmentation Targeting and Positioning

What is Segmentation Targeting and Positioning As we studied the definition of marketing as understanding customer needs and working to satisfy their needs, but different customers have different tastes, needs, and wants. That means they do not want same products and services, hence the need of dividing the market comes into the picture.Finding potential market which has potential customer and satisfies organisational goal i.e. profit is done in dividing market or in other words Market Segmentation. Products or services offered by organisation should be landed off at right place. Segmentation emerges as a need for marketing managers when it is needed to make their product at right place. The concept of segmentation was introduced in 1956 by Smith, who defined it as viewing a heterogeneous market (one characterised bydivergent demand) as several smaller homogeneous markets [JOURNAL OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT, 2009, Vol. 25, No. 3-4, pp. 357-373 ISSN0267-257X print /ISSN1472-1376 online  © Westburn Publishers Ltd.] Obviously managers may wish to understand customers requirements in order to target product offerings and/or promotional messages but, as Hackley (2005, p. 15) observes, in many organisations segmentation becomes a defaultactivity. It is not possible to target everyone and some criteria have to be applied todivide consumers into manageable categories. [JOURNAL OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT, 2009, Vol. 25, No. 3-4, pp. 253-272 ISSN0267-257X print /ISSN1472-1376 online  © Westburn Publishers Ltd.] For instance, people who buy steel lintels in Japan use them in very similar ways to buyers of steel lintels in Germany. These similarities in the use of products have led many business-to-business marketers down the road of convenience segmentation i.e. a group of customers in France would be treated the same as a group of customers in Spain, except that the first group is spoken to in French and the second in Spanish. In other words, language is the criteria for segmentation and not needs. [Corporateauthor: by b2b marketing] Markets can be segmented in different way as there is array of option and no single prescribed way. There are three broader groups in which market can be segmented: Behavioural, Psychographic, Profile. Behavioural Variables: This variable is applied when the people in the market seek for products which benefit orientated. This variable include benefit sought, purchase occasion, purchase behaviour, usage, perceptions and beliefs. These included variables are applied for different products of parent companies before segmenting the market. Psychographic variables: This variable suggests grouping customers on their lifestyle and personality. These include lifestyle and personality. Profile Variables: this variable extends the study in depth to reach customers very efficiently. This includes age, gender, lifecycle, social class, income, geographic, and geo-demographic.The main reason being the modes of reaching customer are defined in this variable i.e. readership or viewership in different location, different age/gender, different income groups etc. Tyre industry segmentation process is simple and narrow because of less variety of parent products. Michelin had segmented its products on basis of utilization based on automotive industry. Their products and services have been widely segmented according to use and demographic. Their main emphasis is on demographic locations which clearly define that requirements are different for different areas. Michelin has divided its products and services globally as core product, value added services, innovation drive and engineering services. Core products include tires for different segments of use and requirement. Following figure illustrates Michelin product classification: [SOURCE: BERNSTEIN ANALYSIS, EUROPEAN TIRE MAKERS: SIGNIFICANT RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS ,] [SOURCE: CORPORATE HOST, JANAURY 2004, MICHELIN PERFORMANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY] Above diagram illustrates organisation of Michelin product lines into different areas of activity, with its own marketing, production and sales force. Special activities such as Digital Maps are handled by VIAMICHELIN and other accessories products in LIFESTYLE. Market segmentation of Michelin has done is as shown below: Targeting is mainly done using three broad strategies: Mass Marketing is way in which instead of analysing the differences of customers want we analyse similarities whichever may be the market segment. According to history of marketing, in early 19 century Coca Cola had adopted this strategy but as of now it had to change. Another example like distilled water manufacturers did not differentiate the market according to needs which still they follow up in some parts of world (for eg. Asia or Africa). They have a common product for all. This strategy is also called as undifferentiated marketing. [Armstrong] Selective Marketing, involves aiming selected product for selected segment of market. This strategy of segmentation is followed for every pocket, purpose and personality. This market coverage strategy results in stronger segment position and higher sales, but note that it also results in increased costs of separate marketing, research, forecasting, promotion, planning, and channel management.[Armstrong] Niche marketing, also called ad concentrated marketing mainly focuses on large share of one or few segments or niche. This strategy mainly helps the organisation to reduce RD concentration areas and expenses as they are focusing on limited set of customers i.e. one . [Armstrong] [Jobber 283,2010] For example, visualize the mass marketing person as standing smack in the middle of a major league park. On the ground, in front of this person, is a large pile of various denominations of currency. The mass marketing person just set this pile of currency on fire. He wants to attract the attention of the seated spectators using the smoke from the burning currency. He has put out the word that smoke from burning currency will clear all eight sinus cavities. Since the ballpark is so huge, by the time the smoke reaches the parks perimeter, it will be severely diluted by the size of the park and the distance from the fire to the spectators. Although the spectators might know about its benefits, the area is so spread out that theyll hardly smell the smoke. The end result will be minimal unless a tremendous amount of currency is set on fire to produce much more smoke. On the other hand, I see a niche marketing person as someone who takes the same pile of dollar bills, goes over to a pre-determined section of the bleachers then sets his pile on fire. He knows, from prior research, that the crowds in that section of the bleachers are interested in clearing their sinuses. Because of the smaller area, they will also be able to strongly smell the burning currency. The niche marketer will have better results using the same amount of money because its impact is targeted.Whether its a baseball field, the printed media or the Internet the results will be the same. That is, its much easier to attract the attention of a smaller crowd that youve identified as being interested in what you have to offer. (Corporate author:http://marketing.about.com/cs/advertising/a/nichevsmass.htm) Positioningis mainly done to locate the product level in market place. This variable involves creating distinct market value by providing competitive advantage. Where is product to be launched, when is to be launched, how to be marketed. This can be done effectively and successfully by implementing strong marketing mix, in which involves providing product and services to customer with differential advantage. Providing additional features, valued images created by advertising, better distribution. [jobber p285,2010] Michelin has laid importance to targeting and positioning in valuable way. They have advertised them using their legendry brand ambassador BIBENDUMto reach their customers. Their advertisements empower their strengths for customer attraction. They have clearly aimed these advertisements to attract their customer who are more focused towards quality, product life, product performance and positive effects, product durability and reliability in weather conditions. MICHELIN products having tag lines on their advertisements as : LASTS UP TO 25% LONGER, ITS TIME TO FIGHT BACK FUEL EFFICIRNT TYRES, THE RIGHT TYRE CHANGES EVERYTHING, Hence, examples of tag lines incorporated by Michelin have added a brand value as well as competitive advantage in existing market.

Global Change Essay -- Environmental Biology Science Essays

Global Change Introduction: Global Change is a new mutli-disciplinary science which seeks to understand the various ways the environment is being altered by man's activities. The mechanisms of change are referred to as anthropogenic forcings and are usually involved with atmospheric alteration or land-use changes. The atmosphere is being altered by the addition of many chemicals including carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur compounds, halogen compounds and various aerosols. Land-use changes include habitat fragmentation, conversion to agricultural uses and biome conversion from introduced exotic species. As the human population continues to expand it puts increasing pressure on ecosystem services (Cairns, 1996). Ecosystem services are those benefits man derives from the natural world including air and water of a composition which promotes health, soil and nutrients in which to grow food, plants to convert sunlight into energy and an atmosphere which provides livable climate conditions. Global Change rese arch attempts to quantify and understand these processes and how human activities may alter them. Current research programs are being conducted by the National Science Foundation, the United Nations, the International Geosphere-Biosphere Project (Walker, 1994), the World Wildlife Fund for Nature and many other nations and international organizations. Atmospheric Change Global Warming One of the most heated debates on global change is the possibility of global warming. The first hints of global warming came from David Keeling's Mauna Loa Observatory carbon dioxide data which showed repeated yearly fluctuations and a definite upward trend in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (Graedel, 1993). Since then... .../www.lib.utexas.edu:80:/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/ Map_collection.html 7. Sustainable Development http://www.ulb.ac.be/ceese/sustvl.html 8. Environment Today http://enviro.mond.org/ 9. National Biological Survey http://www.im.nbs.gov/ 10. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/ 11. National Climatic Data Center http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ncdc.html 12. United Nations International Panel on Climate Change http://www.unep.ch/ipcc/ipcc- O.html 13. Global Change Master Directory http://www.gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/ 14. U.S. D.O.E. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ 15. The Nature Conservancy http://www.tnc.org/ 16. EPA Global Warming Page http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/home.htm 17. United Nations Global Environment Outlook 1997 http://www.grid.unep.ch/geol/

Exam Question and Answer on Market Segmentation

QUESTION AND ANSWER ON MARKET SEGMENTATION Salim Brommer is the Marketing Director of Ashkol Furniture Supplies, a medium-sized company which specializes in manufacturing office furniture. The company makes its products in India, so benefiting from relatively low labour costs. However, it has recently experienced intense competition from suppliers who have even lower cost bases. Salim has decided that his company will benefit if he focuses on those customers who can provide higher profit margins. He has decided to target domestic customers in Europe.Increasingly, private households, particularly those with computers, are converting spare rooms into office-style areas. Additionally there has been a noticeable trend towards working from home. This saves employers incurring the costs of office provision, and also employees save on travel and can also work at times convenient to themselves. However, Ashkol has no experience of dealing with these types of customers. The company now needs to develop a suitable marketing strategy to succeed in this new area and maintain a sustainable competitive advantage.Required: a. Using a suitable model of your choice, develop a marketing approach which Salim might use to enter this new market. b. Explain how Salim could select appropriate target markets and position his products so as to create and sustain competitive advantage. Suggested Answer Salim needs to develop a marketing strategy for entry into the domestic market in Europe. This can be achieved by looking at the factors that make up the marketing mix: product, price, place and promotion. Choosing a marketing mixThe design of the marketing mix should be decided on the basis of management intuition and judgment, together with information provided by market research. Elements in the marketing mix partly act as substitutes for each other and they must be integrated. The product needs to be positioned to appeal to the target customer. For example, Ashkol would struggle to de velop a luxury brand image if they set price at a low, penetration level. Product The physical product needs to be appropriate for the private household market.Office furniture may have a very different style to household furniture, so a different approach may need to be taken to the design of the product in order to make it appealing for the domestic buyer. A customer will only buy one of Salim’s products if they get a better deal from buying it than from buying any of the alternatives. This highlights that the nature of the products in the new range will need to meet the demands of the new target market. Areas to consider here are design (size, shape) and features. For example, it may need to be smaller and made of better quality material.The space available in domestic accommodation is likely to be quite restricted, so some standard items may not sell well simply because they are too large. Multi-purpose items, such as desks that incorporate filing drawers and PC monitor s tands may be required. Place Place deals with how the product is distributed, and how it reaches its customers. Establishing a suitable distribution system is going to be one of Salim’s largest tasks. His products are bulky and will therefore have to be transported by ship from India to Europe, probably in freight containers, which will impose a minimum economic scale of shipment.Distribution Channels Serious consideration will have to be given to how customers will be able to view, order and receive delivery of the products. Furniture showrooms are necessarily large areas and need to be in areas where customers will be attracted. Even if selling is by direct mail or over the Internet, there will be probably have to be a warehouse to receive bulk shipments from India, break them down and dispatch individual orders. All this has major cost implications perhaps offsetting the cost savings from cheaper labour.These considerations alone may push Salim towards a co-operative ventu re with a European agent who knows the market and is prepared to take on the selling and distribution task. Promotion involves arousing attention, generating interest, inspiring desire and initiating action. Marketing communication involved in this could be advertising, public relations, direct selling or sales promotion. A furniture showroom would be part of this but a wider approach will be needed. The target market is people working from home and the promotional methods used should be appropriate to this market.Types of promotion * Direct promotion via mailing lists may be appropriate, although because Salim has no experience in this market, he would probably have to buy the list which may make this an expensive option. * There are numerous home style magazines in which adverts can be placed. * The Internet is a vital part of the life of people working from home and its potential for promotion should be fully utilized, perhaps by setting up a dedicated website. Organising and des igning the marketing communication effort will almost certainly require input from someone familiar with the European market.Price is the final element of the marketing mix and is an important signal to customers about the product. It is important that the price should be competitive so Salim should investigate the prices being charged by competitors who have similar product ranges. Price should also indicate the quality of the product so Salim will need to decide if he wants to produce a deluxe range or a more basic model. Discounts and payment terms need to be considered as a potential way of attracting customers especially in the initial start up phase of the new product line. Part (b)Because of limited resources, competition and large markets, organisations are not usually able to sell with equal efficiency and success to every market segment. It is necessary to select target markets. A target market is a particularly attractive segment that will be served with a distinct market ing mix. While Salim’s products may have some application for commercial users, he intends to sell then to customers, who will view them as shopping goods. These goods have a higher unit value than convenience goods and are bought less frequently, usually after some thought and consideration have been expended.Salim should try to specify the segment of the customer market into which he wishes to sell his products with some care, since this will influence important decisions about all the elements of the marketing mix, including such things as product design, marketing communications, price and distribution methods. Kotler identified six steps: Step 1- Identify segmentation variables and segment the market Step 2- Develop segment profiles Steps 1 and 2 are in segmentation Step 3- Evaluate that attractiveness of each segment Step 4- Select the target segment(s)Steps 3 and 4 are in targeting Step 5- Identify positioning concepts for each target segment Step 6 – Select dev elop and communicate the chosen concept Steps 5 and 6 are in positioning Segmentation variables fall into a small number of categories. Geographical segmentation is very simple, but can usefully be combined with socio-demographic segmentation. Psychographic segmentation is not based on objective data so much as how people see themselves and their subjective feelings and attitudes towards a particular product or service, or towards life in general.The behavioural approach segments buyers into groups based on their attitudes to and use of the product, and the benefits they expect to receive. Both of these methods are most useful for convenience goods and are not, therefore likely to be very useful to Salim. Probably, the best segmentation approach for Salim is socio-demographic segmentation, which is based on social, economic and demographic variables such as education, income, occupation, family size and social class.Much work has already been done on this approach, in the ACORN syst em, for example, and Salim would be able to buy in the basic information he needs. Segment Validity A market segment will only be valid if it is worth designing and developing a unique marketing mix for that specific segment. Salim will have to be sure of several things about his chosen target market: Is it large enough to be profitable? Does this segment respond differently in the marketing mix than another segment? Can he reach the potential customers? Can the segment be reached profitably?Is the segment stable enough to justify resources being spent on it? Will it enable him to build on the company’s strengths? Internal Analysis It is important to assess company strengths when evaluating attractiveness and targeting a market. This can help determine the appropriate strategy; because once the attractiveness of each identified segment has been assessed it can be considered along with relative strengths to determine the potential advantages the organization would have. In thi s way, preferred segments can be targeted. Product PositioningIt is unlikely that Salim will be able to identify a market segment where there is no direct competitor, so it will be necessary to position the product line in such a way as to create of some form of product differentiation. The aim is to make the customer perceive the product as different from its competitors. An aid to this is to try to identify gaps in the market by considering the mix of the product attributes such as price, applications, users, occasions for use and specific aspects of quality may be drawn to refine knowledge of product position.